Tutorial Linux Part 1

# Literature
You can find a lot of information e.g. in

Robert Koretsky at all: Linux, 2001,Addison-Wesley Longmen, Incorporated


# Unix History
The unfinished development of OS Multics at Bell Laboratories in 1965 left them without a good OS.

Ken Thopson and Dennis Ritchie decided to sketch out an OS for BL. Ken Thompson implemented it on PDP-7. As a pun on Multix he named the new operating system Unix. A new programming language C was developed for implementation of Unix and 95% of this operating system was written in C - therefore Unix is a very good portable system.


# Linux History
Linux was written by Linus Torvalds and has been improoved by countless number of people around the word. It was initially developed for small PC.

The i is pronounced like in "print" and u is like in "rule".


# Linux Features

* multitasking: several programs running at once
* multiusers: several users at the same machine at once
* multiplatforms: it runs on many different CPU



# Getting Started
You can login to an UNIX operating system after you had been assigned a username by a system administrator. After a not very complicated procedure, which unfortunately alters according the taste of concrete system administrator you should see something like the following:

$login:

and you should write your username e.g. smith.

Attention!

Unix/Linux is case sensitive (as the C language). Username smith is different from Smith

Stand at easy!

After entering your username you will be faced with the following:

$password:

and you must written your password. (At first you will be given a password from a system administrator and you can change it at any time.)

If you have typed your password correctly a prompt will appear. For example:

$

or a little detailed prompt

marian:~$

After that you can apply commands. For example

$ who

It appears username of people who just work on the computer. For example:

spackova ttyq0 May 5 05:02
pmayer ttyq1 May 5 08:11
vanicek ttyq2 May 3 18:30
zchval ttyq3 May 5 06:52
wagneros ttyq6 May 5 07:14
vskl2309 ttyq8 May 5 07:51
cajan ttyq9 May 5 07:56
barvik ttyq12 May 5 08:15
vogel ttyq13 May 5 08:20
vogel ttyq14 May 5 08:20
michal ttyq15 Apr 29 11:37
strakam ttyq16 Apr 22 13:47
$

If you have implemented Linux on your computer you are a system administrator for yourself but you can login to any host which is equiped with Unix. ( See: Work at a Distant Host)



# Termination of a Program
Use (usually) keystroke ctrl-c

# Leaving the System
It depends on the system. Usually by ctrl-d but in a lot of systems you must use a special commands

logout

or

exit


# Password Changing
If you want to change your password, you will write the command passwd

System responds (if your username is smith):

Changing password for smith
Old password:
(You will write your actual password after colon.)
New password:
(You will write your new password after colon.)
Re-type new password:
(You will repeat your new password after colon.)
Password changed

If you write your old password and a new password correctly, the new one becomes valid.